Propolis
Common Name(s): Bee glue, Hive dross, Propolis, Propolis balsam, Propolis resin, Propolis wax
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Aug 9, 2021.
Clinical Overview
Use
Propolis exhibits antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and some viruses. Commonly used in oral and dental preparations, propolis may have a role in reducing caries and oral ulcers and in promoting the health of injured teeth. Cytotoxicity of propolis and its chemical constituents has been demonstrated in various animal and in vitro models; however, clinical studies in cancer are lacking. Immune system effects, antioxidant actions, and effects on the cardiovascular system have also been described.
Dosing
There is limited clinical evidence to support specific dosage recommendations for propolis.
Contraindications
Contraindications have not yet been identified.
Pregnancy/Lactation
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
Interactions
None well documented.
Adverse Reactions
Allergic reactions with skin and mucous membrane irritations have been reported. Sensitization to propolis, long recognized by apiary workers, has also been reported.
Toxicology
Information regarding toxicology is lacking.
Botany
Propolis is a natural resinous product collected from the buds of conifers and other trees by honeybees. It is used by bees to seal walls and strengthen combs of hives, as well as to embalm dead invaders. It is a sticky, greenish-brown mass with a slight aromatic odor.1, 2, 3, 4
History
Propolis has been used as a medicinal agent since ancient times. It was used in folk medicine as early as 300 BC for cosmetic purposes, for its anti-inflammatory properties, and for wound healing. It has been used internally and externally and is believed to possess antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal, local anesthetic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, hypotensive, and cytostatic properties.1, 2, 3
Chemistry
The composition of propolis varies with its geographic and plant source, as well as with the collection season.1, 4 The alcohol extract of propolis is called propolis wax or tincture, with the insoluble residue known as propolis resin.3, 5 Propolis contains 50% resin and vegetable balsam, 30% wax, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 5% pollen, and 5% other substances, including minerals such as magnesium, nickel, iron, calcium, and zinc.2, 3, 5
Propolis contains flavonoids, including quercetin, pinocembrin, galangin, and pinobanksin, as well as hydroquinone, caffeic acid, and caffeic acid esters.2, 3, 5 A number of other compounds have been identified in propolis from specific geographic sources.6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Uses and Pharmacology
Few high quality clinical trials have been undertaken. Researchers disagree over the importance of plant source and geographical variation on the spectrum of efficacy for propolis extracts.4, 11,
